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18Nov, 2021

Fiber Reinforce Concrete

Concrete containing cement, water, aggregate and discontinuous or uniformly dispersed or discrete fibers is term as Fiber Reinforced Concrete. It is a composite obtain by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to the conventional concrete mix.

Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers etc.

Why Fiber Reinforced Concrete are use ?

Main role of fibers is to bridge the cracks that develop in concrete and increase the ductility of concrete elements.
There is considerable improvement in the post-cracking behavior of concrete containing fibers due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage.
They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water.
Some types of fibers produce greater abrasion and shatter resistance to impart load.

Types of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Steel Fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fibers
Cellulose Fibers
Synthetic Fibers
1. Polypropylene Fibers
2. Nylon Fibers
Natural Fibers
1. Coir
2. Hay

Steel Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete )

Aspect ratios of 30 to 250.
Diameters vary from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm.
High structural strength.
Reduce crack widths and control the crack width tightly. Thus improving durability.
Improve impact and abrasion resistance.
Use in precast and structural applications, highway and airport pavements, refractory and canal linings, industrial flooring, bridge decks etc.

Glass Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete )

High tensile strength 1020 to 4080 N/mm².
Generally, fibers of length 25mm are use.
Improvement in impact strength.
Increase flexural strength, ductile and resistance to thermal shock.
Use in formwork, swimming pools, ducts and roots, sewer lining etc.

Synthetic Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete )

Man made fibers from petrochemicals and textile industries.
Cheap, abundantly available.
High chemical resistance.
High melting point.
Low modulus elasticity.
It’s types are acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene etc.
Applications in cladding panels and shotcrete.

Polypropylene Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete ) — Polypropylene Fibers

Nylon Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete ) — **Nylon Fibers**

Natural Fibers ( Fiber Reinforced Concrete )

Obtain at low cost and low level of energy using local manpower and technology.
Jute, coir and bamboo are examples.
They may undergo organic decay.
Low modulus of elasticity, high impact strength.

Advantages of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

High modulus of elasticity the effective long-term reinforcement even in the harden concrete.
Does not rust nor corrode and requires no minimum cover.
Ideal aspect ratio which makes them excellent for early-age performance.
Easily place, Cast, Spray and less labour intensive than placing rebar.
Greater retain toughness in conventional concrete mixes.
Higher flexural strength, depending on addition rate.
Can be make into thin sheets or irregular shapes.
FRC passes enough plasticity to go under large deformation once the peak load has been reach.

Disadvantage of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Greater reduction of workability.
High cost of materials.
Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete and so cannot replace moment resisting or structural steel reinforcement.

Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Runway, Aircraft Parking and Pavements.

For the same wheel load FRC slabs could be about one half the thickness of plain concrete slab. FRC pavements offers good resistance even in severe and mild environments.

It can be use in runways, taxiways, aprons, seawalls, dock areas, parking and loading ramps.

Tunnel Lining and slope stabilization.

Steel fiber reinforce concrete are being use to line underground openings and rock slope stabilization. It eliminates the need for mesh reinforcement and scaffolding.

Dams and Hydraulic Structure.

FRC is being use for the construction and repair of dams and other hydraulic structure to provide resistance to cavitation severe erosion cause by the impact of large debris.

Thin Shell, Walls, Pipes, and Manholes.

Fibrous concrete permits the use of thinner flat and curve structural elements. Steel fibrous shotcrete is use in the construction of hemispherical domes.

Agriculture

It is use in animal storage structures, walls, silos, paving, etc.

Precast Concrete and Products.

It is use in architectural panels, tilt-up construction, walls, fencing, septic tanks, grease trap structures, vaults and sculptures.

Commercial

It is use for exterior and interior floors, slabs and parking areas, roadways, etc.

Warehouse / Industrial

It is use in light to heavy duty loading floors.

Residential

It includes application in driveways, sidewalks, pool construction, basements, colored concrete, foundation, drainage, etc.

Fiber Reinforced Concrete	Normal Reinforced concrete
High Durability.	Lower Durability.
Protect steel from Corrosion.	Steel potential to corrosion.
Lighter materials.	Heavier materials.
More expensive.	Economical.
With the same volume, the strength is greater.	With the same volume, the strength is less.
Less workability.	High workability as compare to FRC.

Fiber Reinforced Concrete VS Normal Reinforced concrete

2Oct, 2021

IES / ESE Notification 2022

IES / ESE (ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAM) 2022 Notification is out now.

IES / ESE / Engineering Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2022

Date of Notification of ENGINEERING SERVICES	22/09/2021
Date of Commencement of Examination – Prelim	20/02/2022
Direct Link to Application	Click Here
Start Date of Application filling	22/09/2021
Last Date for Receipt of Applications	12/10/2021 – 6:00pm
Download Official Notification of ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAM	Click Here

Application Fees – For General and OBC : 200/- For SC and ST : 0/- For PH : 0/- and for all Category Females : 0/-

IES / ESE / Engineering Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2021

Syllabus

Standard and Syllabi for ENGINEERING SERVICES: The standard of paper in General Studies and Engineering Aptitude (Preliminary Stage‐I Examination) will be such as may be expected of an Engineering/Science Graduate. The standard of papers in other subjects will approximately be that of an Engineering Degree Examination of an Indian University. There will be no practical examination in any of the subjects.

General Studies and Engineering Aptitude (Preliminary Examination/Stage‐I, Paper I, Objective type, Common to all
Candidates)

Current issues of national and international importance relating to social, economic and industrial development
Engineering Aptitude covering Logical reasoning and Analytical ability
Engineering Mathematics and Numerical Analysis
General Principles of Design, Drawing, Importance of Safety
Standards and Quality practices in production, construction, maintenance and services
Basics of Energy and Environment: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, Climate Change, Environmental impact assessment
Basic of Project Management
Basics of Material Science and Engineering
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based tools and their applications in Engineering such as networking, e‐governance and technology based education.
Ethics and values in Engineering profession.

Note: The paper in General Studies and Engineering Aptitude will include Knowledge of relevant topics as may be expected from an engineering graduate, without special study. Questions from all the 10 topics mentioned above shall be set. Marks for each Topic may range from 5% to 15% of the total marks in the paper.

Civil Engineering

Contents for syllabi of both the Papers together for Preliminary Examination/Stage‐I (objective type Paper–II)
and separately for Main/Stage‐II Examination (Conventional type Paper‐I and Paper – II).

PAPER – I

1. Building Materials:

Stone, Lime, Glass, Plastics, Steel, FRP, Ceramics, Aluminum, Fly Ash, Basic Admixtures, Timber, Bricks and Aggregates:
Classification, properties and selection criteria; Cement: Types, Composition, Properties, Uses, Specifications and various Tests; Lime & Cement Mortars and Concrete: Properties and various Tests; Design of Concrete Mixes: Proportioning of aggregates and methods of mix design.

2. Solid Mechanics:

Elastic constants, Stress, plane stress, Strains, plane strain, Mohr’s circle of stress and strain, Elastic theories of failure, Principal Stresses, Bending, Shear and Torsion.

3. Structural Analysis:

Basics of strength of materials, Types of stresses and strains, Bending moments and shear force, concept of bending and shear stresses; Analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures; Trusses, beams, plane frames; Rolling loads,
Influence Lines, Unit load method & other methods; Free and Forced vibrations of single degree and multi degree
freedom system; Suspended Cables; Concepts and use of Computer Aided Design.

4. Design of Steel Structures:

Principles of Working Stress methods, Design of tension and compression members, Design of beams and beam column connections, built‐up sections, Girders, Industrial roofs, Principles of Ultimate load design.

5. Design of Concrete and Masonry structures:

Limit state design for bending, shear, axial compression and combined forces; Design of beams, Slabs, Lintels,
Foundations, Retaining walls, Tanks, Staircases; Principles of pre‐stressed concrete design including materials and
methods; Earthquake resistant design of structures; Design of Masonry Structure.

6. Construction Practice, Planning and Management:

Construction ‐ Planning, Equipment, Site investigation and Management including Estimation with latest project
management tools and network analysis for different Types of works; Analysis of Rates of various types of works;
Tendering Process and Contract Management, Quality Control, Productivity, Operation Cost; Land acquisition; Labour
safety and welfare

PAPER – II

1. Flow of Fluids, Hydraulic Machines and Hydro Power:

(a) Fluid Mechanics, Open Channel Flow, Pipe Flow:

Fluid properties; Dimensional Analysis and Modeling; Fluid dynamics including flow kinematics and measurements; Flow net; Viscosity, Boundary layer and control, Drag, Lift, Principles in open channel flow, Flow controls. Hydraulic jump; Surges; Pipe networks.

(b) Hydraulic Machines and Hydro power:

Various pumps, Air vessels, Hydraulic turbines – types, classifications & performance parameters; Power house –
classification and layout, storage, pondage, control of supply.

2. Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering:

Hydrological cycle, Ground water hydrology, Well hydrology and related data analysis; Streams and their gauging; River
morphology; Flood, drought and their management; Capacity of Reservoirs.

Water Resources Engineering :

Multipurpose uses of Water, River basins and their potential; Irrigation systems, water demand assessment; Resources ‐ storages and their yields; Water logging, canal and drainage design, Gravity dams, falls, weirs, Energy dissipaters, barrage Distribution works, Cross drainage works and head‐works and their design; Concepts in canal design, construction & maintenance; River training, measurement and analysis of rainfall.

3. Environmental Engineering:

(a) Water Supply Engineering:

Sources, Estimation, quality standards and testing of water and their treatment; Rural, Institutional and industrial water
supply; Physical, chemical and biological characteristics and sources of water, Pollutants in water and its effects, Estimation of water demand; Drinking water Standards, Water Treatment Plants, Water distribution networks.

(b) Waste Water Engineering:

Planning & design of domestic waste water, sewage collection and disposal; Plumbing Systems. Components and layout of sewerage system; Planning & design of Domestic Waste‐water disposal system; Sludge management including treatment, disposal and re‐use of treated effluents; Industrial waste waters and Effluent Treatment Plants including institutional and industrial sewage management.

(c) Solid Waste Management:

Sources & classification of solid wastes along with planning & design of its management system; Disposal system,
Beneficial aspects of wastes and Utilization by Civil Engineers.

(d) Air, Noise pollution and Ecology:

Concepts & general methodology.

4. Geo‐technical Engineering and Foundation Engineering :

(a)Geo‐technical Engineering: Soil exploration ‐ planning & methods, Properties of soil, classification, various tests and inter‐relationships; Permeability & Seepage, Compressibility, consolidation and Shearing resistance, Earth pressure theories and stress distribution in soil; Properties and uses of geo‐synthetics.

(b) Foundation Engineering: Types of foundations & selection criteria, bearing capacity, settlement analysis, design and
testing of shallow & deep foundations; Slope stability analysis, Earthen embankments, Dams and Earth retaining
structures: types, analysis and design, Principles of ground modifications.

5. Surveying and Geology:

(a) Surveying: Classification of surveys, various methodologies, instruments & analysis of measurement of distances,
elevation and directions; Field astronomy, Global Positioning System; Map preparation; Photogrammetry; Remote
sensing concepts; Survey Layout for culverts, canals, bridges, road/railway alignment and buildings, Setting out of
Curves.
(b) Geology: Basic knowledge of Engineering geology & its application in projects.

6. Transportation Engineering:

Highways ‐ Planning & construction methodology, Alignment and geometric design; Traffic Surveys and Controls; Principles of Flexible and Rigid pavements design.
Tunneling ‐ Alignment, methods of construction, disposal of muck, drainage, lighting and ventilation.
Railways Systems – Terminology, Planning, designs and maintenance practices; track modernization.
Harbours – Terminology, layouts and planning.
Airports – Layout, planning & design.

Mechanical Engineering Syllabus

Electrical Engineering Syllabus

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Syllabus

4May, 2021

Father of Civil Engineering

John Smeaton ‘ Father of Civil Engineering ‘ was an Englishmen born on 8th June 1724, in the United Kingdom. He was blessed with the ability to think differently. Hence laid the foundation for civil engineers with his innovative works. Apart from his proficiency in Civil engineering, he was also a Mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate, thus creating a new path in the development of modern cement, which led to the formation of Portland cement . Portland Cement is major Invention in World And Major Facts.

Read Also : Difference between Civil Engineer and Architecture.

Smeaton is also credited with using the term ‘Civil Engineer’ for the first time, and he became the first self-proclaimed civil engineer

History of John Smeaton ‘ Father of Civil Engineering ‘

Name – John Smeaton
Place of Birth – Austhorpe, Leeds, United Kingdom
Date of Birth – 8th June 1724
Date of Death – 28 October 1792

Some Famous Works

Eddystone Lighthouse
Smeaton’s Lighthouse
Portland Cement
Forth and Clyde Canal at Scotland
Ramsgate Harbour
Perth Bridge
Banff Harbour
Aberdeen Bridge
Improvements to the River Lee Navigation
Nent Force Level
Peterhead Harbour etc.

Career and Life Biography of John Smeaton ‘ Father of Civil Engineering ‘

John Smeaton opened his own shop in Great Turnstile in London with a little knowledge of science and tool-making under his sleeve, in 1748.
He built the mariner’s compass together with Dr. Gowin Knight, in 1750. The compass became hugely popular. He was living in Great Turnstile at the time.
Smeaton moved his shop from Great Turnstile to a larger place in Furnival Inn Court and employed three craftsmen under his supervision, in 1751.
He conducted some experiments related to the power of windmills and water wheels which were successful and proved his expertise in the knowledge of science and engineering, in 1752.
During 1754, Smeaton visited the Low Countries, studying canals, harbours, and mills; the tour was the turning point in his career.
From 1756 to 1759 Smeaton was occupied with his best-known achievement, the rebuilding of the Eddystone lighthouse.
Smeaton oversaw the design and construction of several canals, bridges & lighthouses. He also developed several techniques for construction of windmills which were widely adopted. Some of his major construction works include the Aberdeen Bridge, Coldstream Bridge, Ripon Canal, and the Clyde Canal.
Smeaton built the third Eddystone Lighthouse, using dovetailed blocks of Portland stone to withstand the pounding of the waves; this technique became standard for such wave-swept structures, in 1756-59. While planning the lighthouse, he discovered the best mortar for underwater construction to be limestone with a high proportion of clay, and thus he was the first to recognize what constitutes a hydraulic lime.
Smeaton constructed the first 5-smock chimney mill in Newcastle, Britain. He also developed the method of using hydraulic lime in the foundation of bridges.
Smeaton is also credited with using the term ‘Civil Engineer’ for the first time, and he became the first self-proclaimed civil engineer. He also co-founded the ‘Society of Civil Engineers’ in 1771.
John Smeaton showed his mechanical engineering skills and developed a water pressure engine that pumped water which was later superseded by James Watt’s steam engine, in 1760.
During his professional career, he engineered the construction of various canals, bridges, and harbours including the Coldstream Bridge, Ripon Canal, Aberdeen Bridge, Peterhead Harbour and Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland. He also contributed in building 43 mills including his most significant one at Carron Company ironworks in 1769.
In 1782 Smeaton built the Chimney Mill at Spital Tongues in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first 5-sailed smock mill in Britain.
During the last thirty-five years of his life, John Smeaton was responsible for many engineering projects, including bridges, steam engine facilities, power stations run by wind or water, mill structures, and machinery, and river and harbour improvements.

Awards and Achievements

In 1753, John Smeaton was made a fellow of the Royal Society of London for his work in constructing precision instruments.
Smeaton was honoured with the Copley Award in 1759 for his extraordinary research in the mechanics of waterwheels and windmills.
In 1834, the Society of Civil Engineers, which Smeaton was a co-founder of, was renamed as the ‘Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers’ in his honour.

18Apr, 2021

World Longest Tunnel : ATAL TUNNEL

Atal Tunnel : Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to inaugurate the Rohtang Tunnel, also known as the Atal tunnel at Rohtang on the morning of Saturday, i.e., October 3. The Rohtang tunnel, named after former Prime Minister late Atal Bihari Vajpayee, was slated to be completed by May 2020, according to an IE report. However, the coronavirus pandemic-induced lockdown caused the project to be delayed by a few months. The tunnel holds strategic importance as it poses an alternative to the Rohtang Pass and reduces the travel time between Manali valley and Lahaul-Spiti Valley significantly, hence providing a boost to the movement of armed forces. Rohtang tunnel or the Atal tunnel is also to be the longest highway tunnel in the world at a height of above 10,171 feet.

Also Read : How to laying Cement Concrete Pavement

Features of Atal Tunnel

At 9.02 km length, the tunnel will be one of the longest road tunnels in India and is expecting to reduce the distance between Manali and Leh by 46 km. The tunnel is at an elevation of 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) whereas the Rohtang Pass is at an elevation of 3,978 metres (13,051 ft).

Foundation Stone Laid	2002 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Laid foundation stone for Approach Road to Tunnel
Length of Tunnel	9.02 kM
Shape of Tunnel	Horse Shoe
Distance Reduced	46 kM
Time Saved	5 hours
Altitude of the Tunnel	3,000 m above mean sea level
Number of Lane	Single-Tube, Double lane tunnel
Maximum Vehicle Speed	80 kM/hr
Telephone Facility	Every 150 meter
Fire Hydrant	Every 60 meter
Emergency Exits	Every 500 meter
Air Quality Monitor	Every 1 kM
CCTV Cameras	Every 250 meter

Features of Atal Tunnel

Construction Techniques

Operations during the construction of tunnel was dividing into four main phases :-

Drilling
Blasting
Loading
Transport and Excavating and Landscaping.

All the process are explaining are below :

Drilling the tunnel was carring out using computer-controlled drilling jumbos as well as traditional drilling and blasting. To make sure that the tunnel sections met more than 10km into the rock and 1000 metres under the mountain, it was important that the drilling and blasting work were carried out with great precision.
Blasting was conducted using approximately 100 holes, 45 – 51mm in diameter and 5.2 metres deep, drilled for each blast.
Wheel-mounted loaders were used for loading and transport in the tunnel. The excavated materials were transported out of the tunnel using dump trucks.
The disposal of 2.5 million cubic metres of excavated rock from the tunnel was one of the greatest challenges in planning the tunnel.

Another parallel tunnel of 3.3×2.2 metres, an emergency passage of sorts, has been constructed under the Atal Rohtang tunnel with staircases at every 500 metres connecting it to the main tunnel. Three thousand cars and 1,500 trucks can pass through the Atal Tunnel at 80 km per hour.

Challenges Faces During The Construction

The major challenges during the task is heavy snowfall in Winter.
Rohtang pass closes during the winter, the north portal was not available during the winter and the excavation done only from the south portal in winters.
The other most difficult situation is disposing of excavate rocks and sand almost more than 8,00,000 cubic meter.
Unstable rocks due to slow process of blasting and digging.
Major incident happen is cloud-burst and flash flood on 8 August 2003. They killed 42 labourers who were building the temporary access road.

26Mar, 2021

Design of Sand Drains

The typical design parameters for the sand drains along with its permissible values are given as :

(i) Diameter of sand drains (ɸd) = 450 mm to 600 mm.

(ii) Spacing between two adjacent sand drains (S) = 1.8 m to 5 m cc (centre to centre).

(iii) Depth of sand drains (H) = 3 m to 35 m.

(iv) Thickness of sand blanket = 0.6 m to 1 m.

During designing, the values of diameter is rounded off to higher side and spacing is rounded off to lower side.

Click here to know – What is Sand Drains

Steps to Design Sand Drains

Method 1

Total Settlement = mv.∆σ.h
Degree of consolidation, U = Settlement controlled * 100 / Total settlement
Tv = Cv.t / h²
Tv at U = 60% is 0.2827, So if Tv < 0.2827 i.e. U < 60% then Tv = Uv².∏/4 otherwise if Tv >0.2827 i.e. U > 60% then Tv = 1.781 -0.933 log (100 – U%)
After getting the Uv value from above equations, find Ur (required) value from the formula, (1-U) = (1-Uv)*(1-Ur)
Assume triangular or square pattern and spacing S; R = 0.525 S or R = 0.564 S
Tr = Ch.t/4R²
Assume Diameter (ɸd) or Radius (rd) of Sand Drains; then find n = R/rd
From the given graph find the value of Ur (calculated) corresponding to obtained n and Tr values.
If Ur (calculated) > Ur (required) then Design of Sand drains is OK otherwise assume another values from step 6 and keep on trying safe design values.

Method 2

Total Settlement = mv.∆σ.h
Degree of consolidation, U = Settlement controlled * 100 / Total settlement
Tv = Cv.t / h²
Tv at U = 60% is 0.2827, So if Tv < 0.2827 i.e. U < 60% then Tv = Uv².∏/4 otherwise if Tv >0.2827 i.e. U > 60% then Tv = 1.781 -0.933 log (100 – U%)
After getting the Uv value from above equations, find Ur value from the formula, (1-U) = (1-Uv)*(1-Ur)
Assume n value; ranging from 5 to 40
From the given graph find the value of Tr corresponding to obtained Ur and assumed n value.
Tr = Ch.t/4R² ; get R value.
Find radius (rd) of Sand Drains, n = R/rd
Obtain Diameter of Sand Drains (ɸd) = 2(rd)
Let the pattern triangular or square pattern
Find spacing S from formula; R = 0.525 S or R = 0.564 S

Variation of Ur with Tr - Graph for designing of Sand drains — Variation of Ur with Tr – Graph for designing of Sand drains

Method 2 is more convenient than Method 1 as it does not require number of trails. The design obtained via Method 2 is all OK in first attempt. But if restricted values of few parameters are there then we should go for Method 1.

Representations used are :

mv = co-efficient of volume compressibility
∆σ = change in stress
h = Depth of clay layer (h = D/2 when two way drainage is there, h = D when one way drainage is there)
ch or cvr = co-efficient of consolidation in horizontal / radial direction
cv or cvz = co-efficient of consolidation in vertical direction
R = Radius of zone of influence
Tr = Time factor in radial direction
Tv = Time factor in vertical direction
U = Degree of total consolidation
Ur = Degree of consolidation in radial direction
Uv = Degree of consolidation in vertical direction

CIVIL CREWS